Topics Covered

H.F transmission lines, Smith chart, Impedance matching techniques and applications. Guided E.M. waves, Parallel plane and Rectangular waveguides, Cavity resonator. Antennas and radiation, Small current element antenna, Long straight antenna, Radiation patterns and gain. Frequency Independent and Logperiodic antennas. Antenna arrays: Broadside and Endfire array, Phase scanning of Antennas arrays. Transit time effects, Velocity modulation, Microwave tubes: Klystron amplifier, Multicavity Klystron amplifier, Reflex Klystron oscillator, Magnetron Oscillator, Traveling Wave Tube Amplifier (TWTA), Backward Wave Oscillator(BWO). Transmission lines: Voltage and current in ideal transmission lines, reflection, transmission, standing wave, impedance transformation, Smith chart, impedance matching and lossy transmission lines. Waveguides: general formulation, modes of propagation and losses in parallel plate, rectangular and circular waveguides. Microstrips: Structures and characteristics. Rectangular resonant cavities: Energy storage, losses and Q. Radiation: Small current element, radiation resistance, radiation pattern and properties, Hertzian and halfwave dipoles. Antennas: Mono pole, horn, rhombic and parabolic reflector, array, and Yagi-Uda antenna.

Backward Wave Oscillator (BWO)

Fig : Backward wave oscillator at Stockholm University operating in the Terahertz range.

A backward wave oscillator (BWO), also called carcinotron (a trade name for tubes manufactured by CSF, now Thales) or backward wave tube, is a vacuum tube that is used to generate microwaves up to the terahertz range. It belongs to the traveling-wave tube family. It is an oscillator with a wide electronic tuning range. An electron gun generates an electron beam that is interacting with a slow-wave structure. It sustains the oscillations by propagating a traveling wave backwards against the beam. The generated electromagnetic wave power has its group velocity directed oppositely to the direction of motion of the electrons. The output power is coupled out near the electron gun. It has two main subtypes, the M-type, the most powerful, (M-BWO) and the O-type (O-BWO). The O-type delivers typically power in the range of 1 mW at 1000 GHz to 50 mW at 200 GHz. Carcinotrons are used as powerful and stable microwave sources. Due to the good quality wavefront they produce (see below), they find use as illuminators in terahertz imaging. The backward wave oscillators were demonstrated in 1951, M-type by Bernard Epsztein and O-type by Rudolf Kompfner. The M-type BWO is a voltage-controlled non-resonant extrapolation of magnetron interaction, both types are tunable over a wide range of frequencies by varying the accelerating voltage. They can be swept through the band fast enough to be appearing to radiate over all the band at once, which makes them suitable for effective radar jamming, quickly tuning into the radar frequency. Carcinotrons allowed airborne radar jammers to be highly effective. However, frequency-agile radars can hop frequencies fast enough to force the jammer to use barrage jamming, diluting its output power over a wide band and significantly impairing its efficiency. Carcinotrons are used in research, civilian and military applications. For example, the Kopac passive sensor and Ramona passive sensor employed carcinotrons in their receiver systems.