Topics Covered

Synchronous Generator: excitation systems, equivalent circuit, vector diagrams at different loads, factors affecting voltage regulation, synchronous impedance, synchronous impedance method of predicting voltage regulation and its limitations.  Parallel operation: Necessary conditions, synchronizing, circulating current and vector diagram. Synchronous motor: Operation, effect of loading under different excitation condition, effect of changing excitation, V-curves and starting. DC generator: Types, no-load voltage characteristics, build-up of a self excited shunt generator, critical field resistance, load-voltage characteristic, effect of speed on no-load and load characteristics and voltage regulation. DC motor: Torque, counter emf, speed, torque-speed characteristics, starting and speed regulation. Introduction to wind turbine generators Construction and basic characteristics of solar cells.